|
Siddiq Hasan Khan (1832–1890) was a both celebrated and controversial leader of India's Muslim community in the 19th-century, often considered to be the most important Muslim scholar of the Bhopal State.〔Jamal Malik, ''Perspectives of mutual encounters in South Asian history, 1760–1860'', pg. 71. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2000. ISBN 9004118020〕 He is largely credited with founding the reformist Ahl al-Hadith movement, which became the dominant strain of Sunni Islam throughout the immediate region.〔Malik, pg. 72.〕〔M. Naeem Qureshi, ''Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics'', pg. 458. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1999. ISBN 9004113711〕 Khan's controversial nature has led to contrasting assessments of his personality, having been described by contrasting sources as a radical fundamentalist, an underhanded and scheming politician and one of the first heroes of the Indian independence movement.〔Claudia Preckel, (Wahhabi or National Hero? Siddiq Hasan Khan ). ''International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World'', vol. 11, #1, pg. 31.〕〔Annmarie Schimmel, ''Islam in the Indian Subcontinent'', pg. 207. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1980. ISBN 9004061177〕 ==Life== Khan's family were said to be descendants of Ali, the fourth leader of Islam and the Rashidun Caliphate.〔 Initially settling in Bukhara, they migrated to Multan and later to the Shi'ite strongholds of Bareilly and Kannauj. Khan himself was born in Bareilly on October 14, 1832.〔Shaharyar Khan, ''The Begums of Bhopal: A History of the Princely State of Bhopal'', pg. 120. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. ISBN 1860645283〕〔Seema Alavi, (Siddiq Hasan Khan (1832–90) and the Creation of a Muslim Cosmopolitanism in the 19th century ). ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'', vol. 54, #1, pg. 4. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2011.〕 Khan grew up in a family which was impoverished despite its history of Islamic scholarship; his father converted from Shi'a Islam to Sunni Islam in the early 1800s.〔 Religiously, he was initially influenced by the ideas of Syed Ahmad Barelvi. Khan received much of his education in Farukhabad, Kanpur and Delhi under the care of friends of his father, who died when Khan was only five years old.〔Khan, pg. 121.〕〔Alavi, pg. 5.〕 After pursuing Islamic studies with two Yemeni clerics who had emigrated to Bhopal, Khan came under the influence of the works of prolific Yemeni author Muhammad ash-Shawkani.〔 The reformist influence on Khan's thinking only increased with his performance of the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, whereby he became familiar with the works of Syrian polemicist Ibn Taymiyyah; Khan brought back a large amount of books with him upon returning to Bhopal and began writing commentaries.〔 Khan relocated to Bhopal in 1854 initially selling perfume but later working as a schoolteacher, where his religious views gained him the ire of traditionalist locals.〔 He was expelled to Tonk in 1857, but soon returned to Kannauj to protect his family during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.〔M. Khan, pg. 122.〕 Khan took up a job as an archivist and state historian in 1859 under Shah Jahan, who at the time was notable as a woman in a Muslim principality who was heir apparent to the throne.〔 For the first time in his life, Khan was financially well-off and brought his sister and mother to live with him in Bhopal. Khan married for the first time in 1860, to the daughter of the prime minister who was eleven years his senior.Siddiq Hasan Khan eventually married Begum on suggestion of his father-I-law (father of his first wife). Upon Shah Jahan's coronation in 1871, Khan was promoted to the position of chief secretary, began spending longer periods of time alone with Shah Jahan and the two were eventually married; with his second marriage, Khan had become the male consort of the female monarch.〔〔〔Alavi, pg. 6.〕 According to Lepel Griffin, the marriage was in part to quash the rumor mongering, and officials made it clear that Khan was merely the Sultan's husband and would not function in any executive role.〔M. Khan, pg. 125.〕 The marriage was controversial due to Indian beliefs regarding the remarriage of widows; ironically, the stated justification for support of the marriage by British officials - themselves predominantly Christians - was that Islam encourages widows to remarry. Despite remaining the spouse of the actual monarch, Khan's wife began to observe purdah and corresponded with male diplomats with Khan as her representative.〔 Khan's mother-in-law held rather negative reviews of her daughter's new husband, and there was friction between the two families. Khan eventually fell out of favor with British authorities, unhappy with what was viewed as his strong influence on his wife's decisions. Both before and after his removal from the royal court by the British in 1885, Shah Jahan defended her husband to the very end as shown in the meeting minutes of a heated, vehement exchange between herself and Sir Griffin.〔M. Khan, pg. 141.〕 For her part, Shah Jahan denied that her husband held any executive power and merely advised her on some issues, arguing that the claims of her husband controlling her were based on jealousy on the part of her son-in-law and personal problems between Khan and Lepel.〔Khan, pg. 148.〕 In 1890, Khan fell extremely ill with hepatitis. Resident Francis Henvey, Griffin's replacement, dispatched a medical officer but refused to administer medicine for fear that, given the terminal nature of Khan's illness, the British would be accused of poisoning him.〔 Khan died on May 26, 1890. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Siddiq Hasan Khan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|